2. Residuals

2.1 Metalloids

The sulfur and phosphorus content of older steels is relatively high. What's more, the presence of certain organic materials not separated by sorting can increase the content of these elements, so it is necessary to adjust them by appropriate treatments, in converters, electric furnaces and above all ladle treatments. These treatments are now widespread, but remain costly.

For example, there are no restrictions on the use of alloy and special steels in the electrical industry, although a certain selection of scrap is required.

It should be noted that desulfurization of cast iron is often advantageous, and sometimes also dephosphorization, when it can be justified for large tonnages.

As for carbon,...