6. Conclusion

Battery ageing does not follow a single pattern. As described in this document, degradation mechanisms are diverse, complex because they are coupled, chemically dependent, multiphysical/multi-scale/multi-material/multi-phase (liquid, solid, gas). Reactions can be chain reactions, localized or temporary, making them very difficult to characterize and even more difficult to predict. This leads to an infinite number of scenarios to explain battery ageing.

Limiting the ageing of batteries and extending their lifespan is now a major economic and environmental challenge. With the global battery production market running into the hundreds of GWh, and soon into the thousands