7. Tension over materials and consequences for university education in Europe

Energy considerations should always begin with elements of frugality. In this respect, we could learn a lot from developing countries, and it would undoubtedly be beneficial to encourage gap years in our curricula to send our students to these countries.

As for the resources we lack - and there are many - we obviously need to strengthen trade with producer countries, with which we maintain stable relations:

• Canada, for nickel, copper, platinum, palladium and gold;

• Finland, Greece and Australia for nickel, cobalt, copper and zinc;

• Cuba and Guatemala, for nickel.

Southern Africa, known as "Africa of the mines", possesses considerable resources (nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, vanadium, platinum, gold, diamonds, manganese,...