3. Innovation challenges

The challenges of innovation in numerical modeling and simulation are numerous: the examples proposed in this dossier highlight some of them, such as the convergence and complementarity between equation-based (model-driven simulations) and data-based (data-driven simulations) simulations. What follows are a few examples of innovations in numerical simulation, on the one hand evoking some that help improve models, and, on the other, showing how simulation benefits or enables innovations in various applications of numerical techniques.