9. Conclusion

Gold nanoparticles are distinguished by unique properties that place them at the heart of biomedical innovation: optimized and modular morphology (large specific surface area, geometric diversity), remarkable optical properties (strong extinction in the visible and NIR, photothermal effects), a propensity to absorb ionizing radiation (radiosensitizing effect), and versatile chemistry (biocompatibility, high electron density, easy functionalization). This combination of characteristics opens up unprecedented possibilities in diagnostics, imaging, and therapy. As a result, scientific enthusiasm for these nano-objects continues to grow, particularly with the rise of theranostic strategies, which combine detection and treatment in an integrated approach to rethinking the medicine of tomorrow.

However, despite these promises, the industrialization and clinical integration...