2. Biological effects induced by low-frequency ultrasound therapy

The biological effects induced by low-frequency sonotherapy are manifold and still debated in the literature. Ultrasound induces sonophysical effects responsible for cellular stress and damage. They also induce sonochemical effects, notably the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and in particular ${\text{O}}_2^{·-}$ , ${\text{HO}}^{·}$ , H ₂ O ₂ and ¹ O ₂ . These ROS generated locally by low-frequency ultrasound...