5. CBTC and driverless systems

It is entirely possible to implement driverless systems without CBTC (for example, the first fully automatic VAL was put into service in France on line 1 of the Lille metro in 1983). However, thanks to high-speed ground-to-train communication, intelligent "in-train" functions and operating flexibility, CBTC is a gas pedal for the introduction of driverless systems, enabling the extension of the time slots during which transport services are offered.

The automated system must replace the conductor in nominal functions:

• drive the train (give traction and braking commands to the rolling stock, stop precisely at the platform (see § ...