7. Conclusion and outlook

Increasing urbanization (66% of the world's population is expected to live in urban areas by 2050, according to the UN, compared with 56% in 2022), the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and cut energy consumption in the transport sector are driving the rapid and widespread development of MTF on every continent.

MTF operators and designers face a number of challenges in meeting the strong growth in demand.

• Increase the transport capacity of each line

  Increasing the number of trains per hour requires a high degree of control over train acceleration/braking in order to approach the optimized trajectory. This objective can be achieved by assisted (GOA2) or automated (GOA3 or GOA4) driving and highly agile on-board signalling based on mobile blocking, using the building blocks of CBTC technologies...