4. Key players in France and their environment
By its very nature, the railway system is a complex system with distinct characteristics—for example, in the areas of safety and technical complexity—and these areas are constantly evolving.
In France and throughout Europe, the regulatory and administrative landscape is also undergoing significant changes.
4.1 The broader context: from monopoly to opening up to competition
The overall regulatory framework in France has changed significantly since the inception of rail freight in the 19th century. Numerous companies of all sizes operated this service under increasingly challenging competitive conditions.
While many secondary rail networks were resigned to closing down and shifting their traffic to the roads,...
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Key players in France and their environment
The French rail network for freight
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