5. Environmental aspects

Faced with the current alarming situation of planetary boundaries, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and ocean acidification, which are directly impacted by maritime transport, the industry has initiated a transformation that is reflected in changes to ship characteristics.

In response to the environmental challenges associated with these planetary boundaries, this transformation is characterized by changes of varying significance for ships calling at port facilities, with the combined objectives of energy efficiency, energy conservation, and decarbonization of maritime transport (Figure 12 ).