1. Context

1.1 Environmental impact of shipping

Today, sea transport is by far the mode of transport with the lowest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit transported. By way of comparison, one liter of fuel is enough to transport one tonne of goods over a distance of 243 km by ship, 213 km by train and 35 km by truck. . In terms of CO ₂ emissions, this represents 12 g for sea transport, 14 g for rail transport and 76 g for road transport.

Despite this, the weight of this sector continues to grow, due to...