3. How do you estimate measurement bias?

Bias can be evaluated using different calculation methods (point or confidence interval). If the method is point-based, the bias will be compared with a tolerance. It will then be necessary to know this tolerance (regulatory, feedback, etc.). If the method takes account of data uncertainty, we will seek to demonstrate statistically the absence or presence of a significant bias. As the notion of tolerance does not come into play, knowledge of statistics is required.