12. Conclusion

While studies on laboratory animals are still widely used, they are increasingly being replaced by studies on cells or tissues (in vitro), as well as by computer simulations such as the Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) and Artificial Intelligence computer simulations or modeling.

The study of the hazards of all chemical substances is continued in the REACH dossier, which obliges manufacturers to complete toxicological and ecotoxicological data according to the tonnage of substances produced in Europe. This results in the definition of exposure limits for workers and consumers (DNEL and DMEL), which enable more effective control of the risks associated with exposure to chemical substances.