4. Calibration and Interference

4.1 Calibrations

All atomic spectrometry techniques are comparative analytical methods that require instrument calibration. However, various calibration methods can be used, depending on the circumstances.

4.1.1 External calibration

Solutions of increasing concentrations are prepared using synthetic, single- or multi-element standards, and then analyzed. A mathematical model—usually linear, but not always—is then applied to establish a relationship between concentration and the sensitivity...