6. Critical raw materials

Recycling will also involve products classified as "rare or critical raw materials", such as metals and rare earths. Based on current consumption and natural reserves, silver will run out in 2017, zinc in 2015 and lead in 2027. We therefore need to secure the supply of these raw materials. Recycling these metals will therefore become strategic, particularly for Europe, which is generally not rich in minerals. Many precious metals and rare earths are present in small unit quantities in items such as cell phones, computers, luminophores and catalytic converters. Recycling therefore involves separation, purification and concentration processes. At each stage, it is necessary to measure the purity of the metals involved. If laboratory techniques are available (optical ICP, ICP-MS), the intensification of industrial processes requires the development of on-line analysis, bringing the act of analysis...