1. Force feedback interfaces for teleoperation and virtual reality

1.1 Teleoperation with force feedback

Human beings cannot intervene directly in hostile environments (nuclear industry, space, deep offshore, etc.). The use of dedicated protective equipment (e.g. diving suits) may be a partial solution, but it does not solve all the problems. For some operations, robots are required. This is also the case when humans wish to perform tasks in environments inaccessible on their own scale (minimally invasive surgery, microsurgery, handling micro- and nano-objects, etc.). However, despite recent advances in artificial intelligence, these robots do not currently have sufficient capacity to adapt autonomously to the diversity of situations encountered and the variety of tasks to be carried out. What's needed, therefore, are solutions that enable them to...