4. Measurement result

In a measurement process, the raw result, p _b , deduced from the raw indication of the measurement chain (quantification of a frequency variation, voltage or current amplitude, etc.) is different from the actual value of the measurand. . This difference, or measurement error, results from the effects induced by the influencing quantities on the measurement chain. It is generally agreed that an error has both a random and a systematic component. Random error arises from unpredictable or stochastic temporal and spatial variations in influencing quantities, whereas systematic error arises from recognized and quantifiable effects...