1. Resistance measurement

Resistors can be measured using a voltmeter and an ammeter. A downstream or upstream method is used, depending on the value of the resistance in relation to that of the voltmeter and ammeter. Automatic measuring devices can be used to measure resistance and impedance as a function of frequency.

Figure 1 shows the variation of resistor impedance as a function of frequency.

The behavior of a resistor, inductor or capacitor is ideal only over a given frequency range. Beyond this, the limitations of the technology used or the influence of the connections limit the frequency of use.

The four methods described in table enable simple measurement of the impedance of passive components over a wide frequency range....