1. Background

1.1 Characterization of microwave devices

Whether scalar or vector, network analyzers generally have two measurement channels and are therefore particularly suited to characterizing dipoles and quadrupoles; however, to characterize a network with more than two channels, simply close the unused channel(s) to the reference impedance and proceed in several steps.

Since S parameters (Figure 1 ) are complex quantities, a distinction is made between scalar analyzers, which only provide access to the modulus of these parameters, and vector analyzers, which provide both the modulus and the phase of these same parameters. Scalar analyzers therefore give a transmission...