1. Scientific integrity: from good to bad practices

Several definitions of scientific integrity have been put forward, and these vary from country to country, each with its own jurisdictional issues. In France, scientific integrity refers to the set of rules and values that must govern research activities in order to guarantee their honest and rigorous nature (art. L.211-2 of the French Research Code). These rules and values are essential to the smooth running of scientific communities, and help maintain a relationship of trust between the world of research and the other components of society. This is a consequentialist approach, in the words of Cyrille Imbert