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This article discusses the notions of energy and socio-ecological transition in relation to new movements for the environmental cause, which emanate from youth, think tank, professional sectors and academia. These movements aim to raise awareness and educate the public about the challenges of climate change. The socio-technical approach can be mobilized by engineers to respond to these issues, so the focus is on socio-technical controversies and the low-tech approach. The context and methods of action for engineers are presented, focusing on representations of the world, sobriety and possible actions within companies.
This article offers a historical perspective on environmental issues to help us better understand the current climate situation. From the 1970s to the 2020s, a panorama is drawn between the science of ecology, political philosophy, environmental management and climate governance, highlighting the many tensions surrounding these issues. It appears that the warnings of the 1970s and 1980s were not taken seriously enough: economists, industrialists and political leaders downplayed the damage caused to the planet by the Western way of life, discrediting its critics and maintaining the status quo of growth.
Research integrity is the set of rules and values that must govern research activities to ensure that they are honest and scientifically accurate. The institutionalisation of such requirements is relatively recent in France. It is therefore no longer merely a good practice emerging from a consensus within the scientific community, but a legal standard. This article presents the main principles of scientific integrity, an overview of the mechanisms behind the French institutional system, and the major challenges for the promotion of scientific integrity in today's scientific practice.
“Naturalness” is a rising topic that has a diversity of meanings since it pools the rejection of some offers and practices with the longing for “a better life”. “Naturalness” would require the remodeling of our economic system by the (re-)introduction of “nature” and “authenticity” into our lives, which implies increased responsibility, accountability and commitment from the firms which boast these features. The marketing communication of their brands relies on a strategy of “promise communication” in order to responds to the diversity of consumers’ expectations. This type of communication is very powerful though hazardous to the corporate image of a firm.
In this article we propose to frame the issue of expansion of digital technologies and their applications with respect to their ecological implications. We show that this sector is facing critical choices, being on a trajectory hardly compatible with net zero emissions targets set at both French and European levels, and a source of mismanaged wastes. We point the main relevant regulations and their limitations. We conclude that following a “digital sufficiency” is necessary.
This article describes the emerging domain of applied ethics (engineering ethics), which concerns engineering, with a focus on the engineers' role. The introduction gives a definition of a few necessary concepts. The article goes on to describe accidents and incidents that have marked the profession and led some engineers' associations to formulate their ethics. It then describes the development of an ethical discourse by and for engineers over the last century, and looks at some countries where engineers chose long ago to publish codes of ethics. The conclusion invites today’s engineers and engineers-to-be to address some central ethical questions raised by engineering.
This article presents an overview of the ethical issues raised by artificial intelligence (AI). These issues are structured thanks to a navigation tool distinguishing three main thematic families. The first family of issues - ethics in technology - deals with issues related to the design and creation of AI tools. The second family addresses the societal debates about the widespread use of these tools from a social justice perspective. The third family includes questions related to the most important narratives and framings on the relationship between humans and machines. Each section provides a box that summarizes the questions that AI tool development teams should address.
Favoured by the increasing dissemination of micro-sensors, metrology in the environmental field has become participatory. This "citizen metrology", a specific citizen science approach, applies to a variety of themes that are taken up by inhabitants, according to various motives and configurations ranging from independent associative initiatives to continuous cooperation between citizens, researchers and metrologists. This article shows the interest of the coupling between engineering sciences and SHS to support the relevance of these approaches. By examining them in the case of initiatives combining the use of environmental sensors and digital devices, six areas of literacies are presented as issues of interdisciplinary cooperation.
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