1. Context

1.1 High-temperature fuel cells

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices capable of converting chemical energy into electrical and thermal energy. Today, fuel cells are used in three main areas: portable applications (cell phones and laptops), transportation (electric vehicles with fuel cells) and stationary applications (collective or individual power generation).

While the fuel cell concept was discovered in 1839 by Grove, commercialization only emerged at the turn of the century in parallel with advances in materials science and electrocatalysis