2. Portable spectrometry (XRF, XRD, IR, Raman, LIBS)

The combination of industrial operational requirements (such as reducing the duration of the measurement-diagnosis-action chain), the miniaturization of scientific instrumentation and advances in data processing (chemometrics) have led to a shift from off-line analysis (outside of, sampling and transport) to at-line (measurement close to) then on-line (intermittent on-site measurement) or even in-line (continuous, undisturbed measurement). These instruments can be used to check newly installed equipment or production consistency. These advances, the innovations of the 2000s, have led to transportable, mobile and then portable X-ray fluorescence devices (figure 1 a,