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Brillouin scattering is produced by the interaction between incident radiation and acoustic waves generated by the thermal agitation of atoms in a transparent medium: gas, liquid, or solid. After a brief historical overview of the prediction and experimental validation of the phenomenon, a theoretical review of light and X-ray scattering, the thermal agitation of atoms, the elasticity and viscoelasticity of condensed materials, the selection rules, the polarization of Brillouin scattering, and the practical limitations of this technique are presented. The experimental difficulties and the main devices designed and built to overcome them are described.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) can reveal the internal physical processes of a system. For this reason, it has become a powerful diagnostic and characterization technique for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices, including hydrogen systems WANG (H.), GAILLARD (A.), HISSEL (D.), batteries SHA (J.), LI (X.), QIU (G.), and photovoltaic (PV) systems WANG (X.), ZHENG (Z.), AILLERIE (M.), PERA (M.-C.), HISSEL (D.). By applying small electrical disturbances and analyzing the voltage-current response over a predefined frequency range, one can obtain the system’s EIS, which provides relevant information about these internal dynamic processes.
Next Generation Sequencing was one of the biotechnology revolutions of the 2010s, thus disrupting the healthcare sector. In 2025, the human genome can be sequenced for less than 100 euros whereas Craig Venter’s team had taken 13 years and spent nearly 3.5 billion dollars. Gene sequencing has become a major focus for the study of many diseases, with the aim of improving diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. However, the volume of data generated raises many questions, particularly regarding its interpretation. How can bioethics legislation adapt to this technological evolution? This article will discuss the most widely sequencing techniques in 2025, along with the challenges they represent in the field of personalized medecine.
The atomic absorption Sspectrometry, elemental quantification technique, is based on analysing the wavelengths generated by a light source and not absorbed by the element; the degree of absorption is proportional to the concentration. The detection limits are in the order of mg/L or µg/L depending on the atomisation method used (flame or graphite furnace). It also allows the analysis of mercury by cold vapours, as well as hydrides of several elements (As, Sn, Se, etc.). After reviewing the fundamental theoretical principles, this article describes the equipment in detail, highlights issues related to quantification and interference, and provides numerous examples of applications.
X-ray powder diffraction is a non-destructive method widely used in the academic and industrial worlds, thanks to considerable progresses over the last 30 years in equipment and data analyses. This article describes the experiment, reviewing the principle and describing the current set-ups. The key elements of the analysis are outlined (sample preparation, data collection). Structural information that can be extracted from a diffractogram is detailed, including phase identification, phase quantification, such as phase identification, phase quantification and microstructural analysis, while highlighting the biases and limitations.
There is currently an increasing need for fast and cost-effective analytical methods suitable for water pollutants monitoring and toxicological impact assessment. In this context, some techniques based on the specific properties of whole cells, enzymes, antibodies, DNA, biopolymers or materials of natural origin, appear as excellent alternatives or complementary techniques to classical chemical methods. This article will be more particularly focused on biosensors and biosorbents (principles, advantages and limitations, application to water quality assessment, new trends).
This article deals with electrochemical microscopy (SECM), a technique for the local analysis of surfaces based on the use of a mobile ultramicroelectrode (UME), making it possible to image and characterise the electrochemical reactivity of samples on a micrometric scale. Developed at the end of the 1980s, SECM offers a range of analysis modes (feedback, generation/collection, penetration) and can be applied to surface imaging, the study of reaction kinetics, corrosion, biological systems and microstructuring. It enables non-invasive and precise measurements, particularly useful in biology, corrosion and materials science in general, and nanotechnology.
Conjugated polymers can be used as sensitive layers in chemical (bio)sensors, enabling the selective detection of a wide range of chemical or biological molecules in both liquid and gaseous environments by converting the presence of target molecules into an electrochemical or optical signal. The article begins by introducing conjugated polymers and their key properties, followed by an explanation of the operating principles of sensors that incorporate them. It then explores recent advancements in sensor technologies, methods for combining polymers with other functional components to enhance detection capabilities, and a selection of application examples.
This paper describes voltamperometry on solid electrodes of various geometries, adapted to the study of insoluble, unstable or confined species. It covers: thin- voltamperometry (complete electrolysis of a confined species), the study of species adsorbed or confined in polymer films (closed systems voltamperometry on graphite paste electrodes (analysis of poorly soluble solids), rotating disc and voltamperometry (detection of reactive intermediates) and voltamperometry on ultramicroelectrodes, offering high spatial resolution, low ohmic drop and compatibility with poorly conducting media.
Chronopotentiometry is a measurement of potential, as a function of time, the excitation signal being constant or variable in time, but not zero, and the transfer of matter being ensured by diffusion. The article presents the theory and the different applications of chronoamperometry: - with monotonic imposed current, it is widely used for electrode characterization and study of reaction mechanisms - with cyclic or alternating current for the study of complex systems, - with pulse trains, for the determination of thermodynamic properties and interdiffusion coefficients of alloys.
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