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Waveguides are used for the property of light trapping and guiding. Optical laser is the mainly application but since last years another application is interested by, solar cells. This article describes the principles and lost mechanisms involved in waveguides.In particular, it exhaustively presents the physico-chemical properties of fluorophore materials and support matrices. It will enable readers to identify the limits and to put in perspective the axes of development in this field. Finally different applications using this technology are presented.
This article comments on the four tables appended in , , , and present the thermodynamic quantities needed to calculate the equilibrium cons-tants of reactions between mineral compounds: standard free enthalpies, entropies and heat capacities. A presentation of the tables explains how they were constructed, how they should be used, and offers a number of examples of equilibrium calculations.
In the age of globalization, the international system of units, as we know it, seems obvious. This article presents its long and interesting history, as experienced by renowned scientists, its strict rules and exceptions.
T he world ocean (BoxA) covers more than 70% of planet Earth's surface and contains 97% of its water reserves (which amount to around 1,400 × 106 km3). A dozen major ionic species are present in seawater. Their total mass may vary from one seawater to another, but their relative proportions remain constant. Seawater can thus be unambiguously characterized by its salinity. The average salinity of the world's oceans is around 35 and their temperature 4°C. Given its relatively stable composition and enormous volume, seawater is an original electrolytic solution and deserves more attention from physical chemists.
The quest for more efficient photovoltaic devices requires not only the development of new materials but also the understanding of aging processes of the existing devices. This article presents an overview of the working principle of solar cells, the main phenomena that decrease their efficiency and different techniques for their characterization. A proper understanding of such aspects, allows the understanding of degradation mechanisms in the modules. Considering that silicon-based modules represent 95% of the solar cells used today, a specific type of degradation of such modules, induced by light and elevated temperatures (LeTID), is discussed. The hypothesis behind its causes and mitigation strategies are discussed in detail.
The domain of electrochemistry can be defined as comprising all physical and chemical processes involved in the passage of an electric current through an ionic conductor. These phenomena require the use of electrodes characterized by at least one common interface with two wires of a different nature. They occur in various ways in electrochemical reactors composed of two electronic conductors or electrodes separated by a conductive ionic medium. After having defined the main phenomena involved in the passing of current, this article presents the thermodynamic, kinetic and energetic aspects of electrochemistry. The main industrial applications of electrochemistry are succinctly presented; they also include electrochemical situations without any apparent current.
The chemistry of complex mixtures has many practical applications. After reviewing the definition, the nature of the bonds and the nomenclature of complex compounds, the equilibrium constants of complexation reactions are examined. The distribution of complex forms is presented and the conventional methods for determining equilibrium constants are considered. The practical significance of complexation reactions is further illustrated in terms of industrial applications such as the production of aluminium, wet-chemistry surface treatment and mineral processing in order to extract metals. Complexation reactions are also very useful in analytical chemistry, either to carry out separations or to hide species that interfere in quantitative determinations.
Thanks to their “processability” in the liquid phase combined with their mechanical robustness, semi-conducting polymers are ideal candidates for the fabrication of thermoelectric generators, systems allowing to convert a temperature difference into a difference of electric potential. In this paper, after an introduction whose main goal is to fix the context and the basic vocabulary, the main physical phenomena responsible for the energetic conversion as well as the most important fabrication techniques are presented. Special attention is devoted to printing fabrication techniques. At the end, the environmental impact of such devices and the current technological challenges are addressed.
The scale formation in industrial or domestic water supplying system causes numerous technical and economic issues. Find green anti-scale solutions, with low production costs and in accordance with current regulations is a key challenge. In this paper, scale and its formation mechanism will be first developed, followed by a brief introduction to indexes used in water quality. Then, the article will develop the main scaling characterization methods. Finally, upstream treatments and chemical inhibitors, allowing to avoid scale formation, will be presented. A special attention will be paid to the environmental impact of chemicals and their green alternatives using plant extracts.
In this article, a concise and clear presentation of the fundamental bases on the dyes used for textile is described. A detailed description of the different classes of dyes for each type of substrate to be dyed is done, with a short presentation of the different process used with the advantages and disadvantages of each dyes family. In addition, this article describes toxicological risks for humans and the environment through the use of synthetic dyes.
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