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H-embrittlement remains a problem for mechanical industries. Despite “degassing” heat treatment specifications and standards to avoid time-dependent rupture for quench/temper steel. The minimal heat treatment time depends only on the mechanical strength. The persistence of the problem, it means that the mechanism to avoid the H-embrittlement is not clear. The assumption that the degassing heat treatment might increase the hydrogen amount in the steel matrix is further explore. This article’s objective is to develop a new approach of the heat treatment function.
Proton Exchange Membrane - PEM - water electrolysis is a promising technology for the production of high-purity hydrogen and oxygen, addressing current energy and environmental challenges. This article presents the underlying theoretical foundations, describes the operation of elementary cells and the role of key components such as electrocatalysts and polymer membranes, and lists the auxiliary equipment required for the proper operation of the machines. The main industrial applications are presented. Achievable performance levels and limitations and prospects for improvement are also analyzed and discussed.
In the current energy context, hydrogen production is a subject of debate. It appears to be a very good alternative to fossil fuels, however, its production remains for economic reasons, mainly derived from steam reforming of fossil fuels. This steam reforming technique, even if it is the most profitable, leads to gray hydrogen which at best can become blue after decarbonization. It is therefore necessary to find an alternative to produce green hydrogen at a reasonable cost (competitive with that of gray hydrogen) and among the possible technologies, water electrolysis appears at the forefront and represents a promising alternative.
This article reviews the main principles and latest achievements of hydrogen production in dark fermentation processes. The methods for characterizing and monitoring strict anaerobic fermentation processes are discussed, in particular with mixed cultures. The main achievements in both research and development for technical scale-up are also described. Future perspectives are finally considered, including the possibilities of multi-step systems for optimal conversion of organic materials.
Power-to-Gas is the process that converts electrical energy into chemical energy, in gaseous form. This process is firstly based on electrolysis, producing hydrogen (Power-to-H 2 ) from electricity and water. Electrolysis can be completed by a methanation step, allowing hydrogen to react with carbon dioxide to produce methane (Power-to-CH 4). The article provides an overview of the technologies involved in the Power-to-Gas, then the challenges and perspectives in terms of performance (energy efficiency, response time), economic balance (capital expenditure and costs of MWh produced, in the form of H 2 or CH 4 ), environmental impacts (greenhouse gas emissions), reliability and durability (control of failures and degradation), safety (control of hazardous phenomena).
Decarbonized hydrogen presents significant potential for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of various sectors, particularly within industry and transportation. In the latter, fuel cell technology enables the deployment of low-GHG-emission hydrogen vehicles. Current fuel cell technology relies on rare, costly, and controversial materials, which present challenges for widespread adoption. An emerging fuel cell technology shows promise for lowering both economic and environmental costs, especially through the development of precious-metal-free catalysts. This article reviews recent advances in these new catalysts, which hold great promise for large-scale deployment of this technology.
Lignocellulosic biomass - agriculture and forestry wastes - is now the most abundant renewable carbon source, which makes it an excellent substitute to fossil resources to produce compounds for energy and chemistry applications. The massive electrification of society, including industrial processes, leads to increasing interest toward the electrochemical biomass conversion methods. These processes allow combining the production of high value-added compound via oxidation reactions at the anode with that of pure dihydrogen at the cathode of an electrolysis cell. This article presents the advantages brought by such a technology and the technological challenges to overcome for its wide deployment in biorefinery.
This article explores Type IV compressed hydrogen tanks, key for efficient hydrogen storage and transport in the energy transition. It examines their technical characteristics, including geometric design, materials for the liner and composite envelope, and manufacturing methods. Type IV tanks, combining a polymer liner with a composite enveloppe; offer safe, lightweight high-pressure hydrogen storage. The article addresses challenges and innovations, such as non-cylindrical tank development for better vehicle integration, and safety and performance standards. It highlights technological advancements and development efforts to boost hydrogen adoption as a sustainable energy source.
Often mentioned for our energy transition, hydrogen is today a product manufactured from other energy sources. However, it has been discovered more recently that hydrogen gas exists on Earth, in significant quantities, and that it is a renewable resource. Its cost is lower than that of all its manufactured counterparts, made from fossil fuels (grey hydrogen), from renewable electricity (green hydrogen) or any other primary energy source. This text presents the state of the art of its geological knowledge, and the exploration tools used today. Some examples of deposits currently being developed are presented, before concluding on the future prospects of this new raw material, and its environmental benefits.
Solid state hydrogen storage under the form of magnesium hydride (MgH2) allows for the large-scale conversion of electrical energy, including renewable sources. Highly reactive nanostructured powders are obtained by the co-milling of MgH2 with transition metals. After compaction with expanded graphite, these powders allow for the production of composite materials with high storage capacity and very good kinetics of hydrogen sorption. As hydrogenation (dehydrogenation) reactions are strongly exothermic (endothermic), the development of performing tanks requires a state-of-the-art thermal management. Analytical and numerical tools have been developed in order to assist in the design of these storage systems.
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