Should a passive house be heated, and if so, with what energy source?
Design of a certified Passivhaus building

In a traditional building, heating is used to compensate for heat loss, regardless of its source. In passive buildings, measures taken to provide enhanced insulation combined with dual-flow ventilation help limit heat loss. However, in winter, the heat emitted by the sun and that generated by daily activities are not sufficient to ensure ideal thermal comfort. Even though its use must be carefully controlled, supplemental heating remains essential—contrary to what one might read in some magazines. But a passive house is, above all, designed to be environmentally friendly. The choice of supplemental heating must obviously adhere to this principle. Therefore, heating systems that use non-renewable energy sources must be ruled out. And since the criterion of a maximum energy consumption of 15 kWh/m²/year applies, the choice of a supplemental heating system is limited to the following devices.