Conclusion

This article highlights the profound transformation of maintenance, which has shifted from a reactive to a proactive approach thanks to advances in new technologies. An analysis of standards, methods, and technologies shows that preventive maintenance has become essential for the competitiveness of industrial companies. However, preventive maintenance should be reserved for critical equipment, given the associated costs and the high level of staff qualifications required. The historical evolution—from scheduled maintenance in the 1950s to smart maintenance in Industry 5.0—illustrates a continuous progression toward connectivity, automation, and decision support. However, it is important to note that, according to recent statistics on the adoption of preventive maintenance, it is primarily implemented by large companies with specialized teams and sufficient financial resources. Conversely,...