Conclusion

Unconventional thermal and electric engines

Figure 1 - Hybrid Air concept overview

Figure 2 - Air mode operating stage

Figure 3 - Gasoline mode operating stage

Figure 4 - Combined mode operating stage

Figure 5 - Recuperative mode operating stage

Figure 6 - Pneumatic actuator

Figure 7 - Electrohydraulic intake valve actuator

Figure 8 - Breakdown of energy consumed by an electrohydraulic actuator

Figure 9 - Actuator consisting of 2 springs in opposition, 2 electromagnets and 1 vane

Figure 10 - Valve-integrated electromechanical actuators

Figure 11 - Comparative angular lift laws for valves

Figure 12 - Evolution of exhaust (E) and inlet (A) valve lift laws as a function of valve opening

Figure 13 - Architecture of the GREEN hybrid vehicle

Figure 14 - Turbo generator diagram

Figure 15 - Combustion chamber

Figure 16 - Fuel atomized by an air-assisted injector

Figure 17 - Mapping of stabilized turboalternator performance as a function of turbine inlet temperature and rotational speed

Figure 18 - Distinct optimums of power and efficiency versus rotational speed

Figure 19 - Control of fuel spray atomization as a function of assist air flow to injector

Figure 20 - Evolution of turbine inlet temperature and turbine speed at gas turbine start-up as a function of time and pressure

Figure 21 - Start-up tests: Diesel 14 L.min-1 – Injection at 5,000 rpm-1

Figure 22 - Evolution of temperature, turbine speed, smoke opacity and jet SMD at turbine start-up

Figure 23 - Hybrid cogenerator diagram