1. Definition of hard turning
Hard turning involves the turning of ferrous materials hardened to between 45 and 70 HRC, mainly by internal or external finishing and, in some cases, roughing operations using modern tools with defined geometries.
Figure 1 shows the straightening of a rolling mill roll (hardness 58 HRC, a p = 4 mm, f = 0.1 mm/ rpm, V c = 100 m/min).
These hard materials are characterized by the following properties:
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