4. Mechanisms of chip formation

The cutting mechanisms of hard steels lead to the formation of jagged chips known as "sawtooth" chips, as shown in figure 12 .

This type of chip has already been observed at low cutting speeds when machining titanium or nickel-based superalloys with poor thermal properties. Shaw attributes the formation of these localized bands in these alloys to a concentration of thermal energy in them due to their poor thermal properties. In this case, the concentration of thermal energy in very...