Other limitations

Clearly, the main concern relates to the reliable use of tissues, organs in repairs or organoids in models for studying pathologies; indeed, tissues, except in special cases, require appropriate vascularization for their survival and to recall the behaviors of immune cells in situ. On the other hand, while it is possible to keep cells alive in organoids by artificial means for a few days, the same is not quite true for tissues, unless they do not naturally use vascularization (cartilage, for example) or are very close to vascularization (skin) with a kind of autograft.

What's more, the technical methodologies used in bio-printing do not yet allow us to take into account the entire fine structure of the different deposits (scaffolds and cells), and in particular the orientation of muscle fibers or cartilage. We either need to demonstrate suitable self-organization,...