2. LPG fuel (LPG-C)
Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) are mixtures of hydrocarbons with three or four carbon atoms, stored in a liquid state at low pressure (a few bar) and used either in a gaseous state, after expansion to atmospheric pressure, or in a liquid state via a suitable injection system. They are produced both by natural gas purification operations during extraction and by various crude oil refining units.
LPGs are mainly used as domestic or industrial fuels, but they are also an interesting class of fuel because of their low pollution levels.
The LPG-C sector is fairly well developed in some countries, such as the Netherlands, Italy and South Korea, where it accounts for a significant proportion of the total vehicle fleet (5 to 10%). In Japan, and Tokyo in particular, urban cabs most often run on LPG. All over...
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LPG fuel (LPG-C)
Special fuels
Bibliography
- (1) - ALANDER (T.J.A.), LESKINEN (A.P.), RAUNEMAA (T.M.), Rantanen (L.) - Characterization of diesel particles: Effects of fuel reformulation, exhaust aftertreatment, and engine operation on particle carbon composition and volatility. - Environmental Science & Technology 38 (9) : 2707-2714 (2004).
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Websites
Fuel compatibility of vehicles in service http://www.service-public.fr/actualités
European regulations http://ec.europa.eu/environnement/r/transport/fuel.htm
Events
SIA Fuel Congress http://www.sia.fr
THIESEL Congress organized by CMT every 2 years http://www.upv.es/noticias-upv/http://www.cmt.upv.es
Standards and norms
- norme européenne de qualité des essences - EN 228 -
- norme européenne de la qualité de l'éthanol carburant incorporé dans les essences - EN 15376 -
- norme européenne de la qualité du GPL-C - EN 589 -
Regulations
European Directive 98/70/EC (Fuel Quality Directive) on the quality of petrol and diesel fuels, revised on 1 er April 2009 (Directive 2009/30/EC).
European directive 70/220/EEC, regulation 715 2007 (euro 5) on motor vehicle emissions.
European Directive 2003/30/EC on the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport....
Directory
Organizations – Federations – Associations (non-exhaustive list)
IFQC (International Fuel Quality Center) http://www.ifqc.org
IFP Énergies nouvelles http://www.ifpenergiesnouvelles.fr
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers...
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