Overview
ABSTRACT
In Europe, since the 80s, petrols have had to undergo profound formula changes with the removal of lead additives. In addition, new environmental constraints requiring increasing vehicle emission reductions have led to a profound review of all types of formulations and the reassessment of some previously considered key characteristics, while some others have been newly identified as keys. In addition, the systematic use of biofuels in fuel formulation created the need for new blending rules. This article, the second part in the "fuel" trilogy, is dedicated to these aspects of petrol and other fuels for spark-ignition engines.
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Read the articleAUTHORS
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Jean-Claude GUIBET: Retired IFP fuel expert
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Xavier MONTAGNE: Doctor in petroleum sciences, qualified to direct research - Deputy Director of Scientific Management, IFP Énergies nouvelles - Fuel expert – Biofuels - Professor at the Ecole Nationale Supérieure du Pétrole et des Moteur, IFP School - Chevalier dans l'ordre des Palmes Académiques
INTRODUCTION
An initial
This second dossier [BE 8 544] in the fuels trilogy is devoted entirely to petrols and fuels for spark-ignition engines, excluding natural gas. These are essentially gasolines of various types, LPG fuel and special products, notably those used in motor racing. These fuels have undergone profound changes over the last few years, particularly since the end of the 1970s-1980s, with the disappearance of lead.
A third dossier
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Liquid fuels
Essences
Bibliography
- (1) - ALANDER (T.J.A.), LESKINEN (A.P.), RAUNEMAA (T.M.), Rantanen (L.) - Characterization of diesel particles: Effects of fuel reformulation, exhaust aftertreatment, and engine operation on particle carbon composition and volatility. - Environmental Science & Technology 38 (9) : 2707-2714 (2004).
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Websites
Fuel compatibility of vehicles in service http://www.service-public.fr/actualités
European regulations http://ec.europa.eu/environnement/r/transport/fuel.htm
Events
SIA Fuel Congress http://www.sia.fr
THIESEL Congress organized by CMT every 2 years http://www.upv.es/noticias-upv/http://www.cmt.upv.es
Standards and norms
- norme européenne de qualité des essences - EN 228 -
- norme européenne de la qualité de l'éthanol carburant incorporé dans les essences - EN 15376 -
- norme européenne de la qualité du GPL-C - EN 589 -
Regulations
European Directive 98/70/EC (Fuel Quality Directive) on the quality of petrol and diesel fuels, revised on 1 er April 2009 (Directive 2009/30/EC).
European directive 70/220/EEC, regulation 715 2007 (euro 5) on motor vehicle emissions.
European Directive 2003/30/EC on the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport....
Directory
Organizations – Federations – Associations (non-exhaustive list)
IFQC (International Fuel Quality Center) http://www.ifqc.org
IFP Énergies nouvelles http://www.ifpenergiesnouvelles.fr
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers...
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