3. Special fuels
These products correspond to very limited markets. We only mention their main characteristics here.
3.1 Fuels for two-stroke engines
They are now obtained by mixing unleaded petrol, Eurosuper type, with small quantities (2 to 6% by volume) of lubricant, to meet the lubrication requirements of these engines simply and effectively. In the past, ordinary leaded petrol was used as a base; now that this has disappeared, it has been replaced by Eurosuper, with no risk to the engine, contrary to what many users fear. All that's required is that the lubricant meets certain precise quality criteria.
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Special fuels
Bibliography
- (1) - ALANDER (T.J.A.), LESKINEN (A.P.), RAUNEMAA (T.M.), Rantanen (L.) - Characterization of diesel particles: Effects of fuel reformulation, exhaust aftertreatment, and engine operation on particle carbon composition and volatility. - Environmental Science & Technology 38 (9) : 2707-2714 (2004).
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Websites
Fuel compatibility of vehicles in service http://www.service-public.fr/actualités
European regulations http://ec.europa.eu/environnement/r/transport/fuel.htm
Events
SIA Fuel Congress http://www.sia.fr
THIESEL Congress organized by CMT every 2 years http://www.upv.es/noticias-upv/http://www.cmt.upv.es
Standards and norms
- norme européenne de qualité des essences - EN 228 -
- norme européenne de la qualité de l'éthanol carburant incorporé dans les essences - EN 15376 -
- norme européenne de la qualité du GPL-C - EN 589 -
Regulations
European Directive 98/70/EC (Fuel Quality Directive) on the quality of petrol and diesel fuels, revised on 1 er April 2009 (Directive 2009/30/EC).
European directive 70/220/EEC, regulation 715 2007 (euro 5) on motor vehicle emissions.
European Directive 2003/30/EC on the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport....
Directory
Organizations – Federations – Associations (non-exhaustive list)
IFQC (International Fuel Quality Center) http://www.ifqc.org
IFP Énergies nouvelles http://www.ifpenergiesnouvelles.fr
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers...
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