1. Maintain high levels of energy efficiency in boilers and heating systems

Heat requirements in processing industries can be characterized by the temperature level (in °C) and the amplitude of demand (in PJ or petajoule = 10^15 Joule, for example in the figure below). The figure clearly shows two peaks in heat demand: 60°C/120°C and 1400/1500°C. The first peak corresponds to industrial processes such as drying, distillation/concentration, chemical reaction, fluid heating for the chemical, food and paper industries... The second peak corresponds to the metal and glass industries, which require very high temperatures to melt these materials.

For heating industrial buildings, the heat demand is between 50 and 80°C.

At present, the primary energy sources used are mainly fossil fuels (gas, fuel oil, etc.) and electricity, mainly nuclear power in mainland France.

Decarbonizing thermal energy...