2. Heat transfer in furnaces

2.1 High-temperature furnaces

These are furnaces used in the steel, glass and cement industries. The temperature required for the product is sometimes well in excess of 1,200 ×C.

This is also the case for a number of furnaces in the petroleum and chemical industries, where, although the product temperature is below 500 ×C, a significant proportion of the heat is supplied directly by flame radiation in a radiation zone. Heat transfer is essentially by radiation from the flame and combustion...