1. Sanitation and wastewater treatment

1.1 Sanitation pipes

Concrete pipes are designed to carry water:

• free-flow: these are pipes for wastewater and rainwater drainage, with circular, ovoid, rectangular, etc. cross-sections;

• under pressure: they are circular in cross-section.

In addition to their hydraulic function, pipes have an important mechanical function, as they are subjected to backfill loads and, where applicable, rolling loads during operation.

In the case of free-flow pipes (the most common type), the pipes are either :

• unreinforced concrete ;

• single-layer reinforced concrete ;

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