5. Conclusion

Today, all European rail manufacturers are able to offer a full range of dual-mode equipment, with varying degrees of power, from locomotives to streetcars and regional railcars. Operators can thus optimize the operation of their equipment, gain operational flexibility when serving terminal sidings, and do away with costly infrastructure on certain sections of line. Passengers benefit from these electric and autonomous operating possibilities without having to change trains.

Hybrid rail rolling stock is still a complex business. They require perfect mastery of energy storage systems, as well as autonomy and service life depending on use. The fundamental aim of hybrid rolling stock is to optimize the energy consumption of trains and improve their environmental impact:

• achievable fuel consumption gains, reduction of...