2. Exchanges between electricity companies

Before being delivered to the end-user by the distribution company, electricity is generated by a generation company and transported by a transmission company. There are therefore commercial transactions between the electricity companies, resulting in invoices from one to the other for the supply and transmission of electricity to an end customer. In this case, invoicing between generation and transmission and between transmission and distribution does not have the same commercial and legal significance as when the companies are separate, but it remains necessary in terms of the accounting separation often required by law, and in any case necessary for good management.

From a technical point of view, exchanges between utilities usually take place in large substations that represent only a few dozen or a few hundred installations in each country, and consequently...