5. Conclusion

The liberalization of the electricity sector has led to a number of organizational changes in the management of frequency control. Firstly, TSOs have been encouraged to better express their needs in terms of frequency control, and to contract the associated services required using a variety of methods. In order to establish contractual links between TSOs and suppliers, European experience shows that the tendering model currently seems to be the most appropriate for, on the one hand, guaranteeing reserve suppliers adequate recovery of the costs incurred, and, on the other hand, enabling TSOs to secure the supply of their reserve requirements while minimizing the overall budget envelope for the acquisition of these services.

The contractualization of ancillary services has strengthened control over producers' performance. As a result, the performance of the French...