5. From governance to practical implementation

Clearly, precise and effective technical rules remain essential to the reliable operation of Europe's interconnected power grid. These include agreeing on the value of the network frequency, sharing production reserves to ensure safety in the event of an incident, and controlling power flows (active and reactive). It is therefore necessary to guarantee a certain level of coordination between the various players.

The rules governing the current management of interconnections in Europe, in their definition and implementation, are the result of a long historical process, which explains their differences.