1. Background of HVDC-VSC

Here are some notable examples that have marked the history of power transmission using HVDC-VSC technology:

• Gotland HVDC Light (1999): this Swedish HVDC link is the first commercial application of HVDC-VSC technology based on switch-type valves. With a capacity of 50 MW, it has increased the amount of electricity generated by wind farms in the north of the island of Gotland using underground cables. It has demonstrated the ability of HVDC-VSC to integrate and stabilize areas with high levels of renewable energy production in an island grid.

• East West Interconnector (2012): this 500 MW interconnection between Ireland and the United Kingdom demonstrated the ability of HVDC-VSC technology to facilitate energy exchanges between countries. By connecting asynchronous power grids, it has helped stabilize Ireland's...