3. Conclusion

For many years now, Li-ion batteries have been one of the major energy storage devices, the result of extensive research over several decades. In response to the criticality and cost of some of its constituent elements, notably lithium, Na-ion batteries are enjoying a major revival of interest. Although their energy density is lower, they are a promising complement and/or alternative to Li-ion batteries for certain applications, such as stationary storage of intermittent energy.

Optimizing the performance of these batteries involves optimizing the materials making up the negative and positive electrodes, which act as host structures for the sodium ions that will move from one electrode to the other during the battery's charge and discharge cycles. In particular, it is essential to develop materials with a high storage capacity, a high operating potential at the...