1. Context

Over the past thirty years, the information systems of many large companies have been gradually built up in the form of independent applications where data is duplicated. This is reflected in the five famous disruptions:

• application breakdown when data updates are not passed on between applications ;

• identification breaks when the same information is accessible via multiple identifiers (for example, the same item is identified differently by the order management application and the inventory management application), making the impact of updates difficult, if not impossible;

• disruption of the IT chain when exchanges between applications are not industrialized, leading to processing errors and errors in passing on updates;

• temporal disruption...