7. Java™

Historically, the emergence of TCP/IP as a "standard" protocol in the USA in the 1980s enabled the development of numerous distributed applications built on the client-server model and using the socket interface. The difficulty of programming distributed applications in this environment led researchers to develop a level of abstraction to mask for programmers the underlying complexity of network communications (failures, asynchronism, no data sharing, heterogeneity, etc.).

The first step in this direction was the introduction of the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) paradigm. to write distributed applications in procedural programming languages....