4. Freeze-drying
This drying technique is of interest for products with a reputation for being heat-sensitive, particularly in pharmaceuticals (active ingredients), despite its high energy cost and the relative slowness of the drying process, which is generally batch-type with long residence times. Continuous processes have also been developed for certain applications (e.g. soluble coffee). It is also a technique for preserving the initial volume and appearance of the product, which has become porous and easy to rehydrate (so-called "instant foods").
4.1 Physical principles of freeze-drying
Freeze-drying is a special case of drying where the product is first frozen, so that the vaporization of water takes place directly from the solid phase (ice) to the external vapor phase,...
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Freeze-drying
Zeolite drying, or "zeo-dratation
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