Industrial implementation

Fabrication processes of membranes by phase separation

Figure 1 - Evolution of the free enthalpy of mixing of a binary solution as a function of composition at 2 different temperatures ...

Figure 2 - Phase composition diagram – temperature for a binary polymer-solvent system [3]

Figure 3 - Representation of the binodal surface in a ternary polymer/solvent/non-solvent system [3].

Figure 4 - Demixing in a polymer-solvent binary system by decreasing the temperature [3].

Figure 5 - SEM microphotographs of cross-sections of membranes produced by phase separation [20].

Figure 6 - Simulation of the bicontinuous structure obtained after phase separation by spinodal decomposition

Figure 7 - Phase separation processes

Figure 8 - Industrial process for producing flat membranes by evaporation [38].

Figure 9 - Industrial process for membrane production by temperature-induced phase separation (patent US4283105) [38] [44] 46]

Figure 10 - Industrial process for producing flat membranes by phase separation induced by non-solvent intrusion [47].

Figure 11 - Industrial process for producing hollow-fiber membranes by phase separation induced by non-solvent intrusion [48]

Figure 12 - Influence of evaporation temperature on the production of PEEK membranes by evaporation of the solvent/non-solvent system: chloroform/1-butanol [50].

Figure 14 - Influence of the physical state of the non-solvent on the structuring of PEI membranes [59]

Figure 15 - Influence of polymer mass concentration on the structuring of PEI/NMP membranes [60].

Figure 16 - Influence of additive concentration (5 to 20% by weight PVP) on the structuring of PEEK/DMF hollow fibers [55].

Figure 17 - Influence of the relative humidity of the gaseous atmosphere during the preparation of PEI/NMP membranes by the &#34;dry-wet&#34; route [64].

Figure 18 - Influence of the presence of a gaseous atmosphere (90%RH) on the morphology and dimensions of PS/NMP hollow fibers at variable gaseous atmosphere height [19].

Figure 19 - Influence of the composition of the internal coagulation liquid for the poly(lactic acid)/DMSO/water system [68].

Figure 20 - Schematic representation of the phenomena to be modeled during the VIPS process

Figure 21 - Comparison of polymer volume fraction profiles and final membrane morphologies

Figure 22 - Compositional pathways at the solution/air interface for three relative humidity conditions [60].

Figure 23 - Evolution of the water volume fraction at the solution/air interface for three relative humidity conditions [60].

Figure 24 - Comparison of polymer volume fraction profiles and final membrane morphologies [60].