2. Discharge mass flow
Several research groups have analyzed the emptying mass flow rate (or withdrawal mass flow rate) observed at silo outlets. The first studies on this subject date back to the early 20th century. To make the best use of this literature, it is essential to note that the discharge mass flow rate of a granular material can vary significantly between a flat-bottomed silo and a silo with a conical hopper.
2.1 Correlations available in the literature
Table 1 summarizes the main correlations available in the literature for assessing silo discharge mass flow.
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Discharge mass flow
Dwell time distribution (DTS)
Bibliography
Software tools
Silo Stress tool: free software for calculating vertical and horizontal stress profiles.
http://www.dietmar-schulze.com
LIGGGHTS®: open source software for the simulation of granular media using the Discrete Element Method (DEM).
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UNIT module (open-access distance learning course): "Powder Science and Technology".
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World Congress of Particle Technology (event held every 3 years).
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Powders & Grains (event held every 4 years).
Regulations
State-of-the-art guide to silos :
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