3. Dwell time distribution (DTS)

Despite its importance, very few studies, either experimental or theoretical, have been carried out on the residence time distribution (RSD) of granular solids in silos.

Generally, residence time is defined as the time required for a particle to move from its initial position to exit the silo. Cleaver and Nedderman have established an expression for residence time in conical hoppers with bulk flow. Considering a radial flow (radial flow model shown in figure